Kutheni iTywina leMechanical elimelana nokugqwala libalulekile

Intshayelelo

Kwinkqubo yokucubungula iikhemikhali, ukucocwa, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuphatha ulwelo, ukusilela kwetywina kudla ngokuqala ngokugqwala ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukuvuza okubonakalayo. Itywina loomatshini elingamelani nokugqwala lenzelwe ukugcina imiphezulu yokutywina, iindawo zesinyithi, kunye nee-elastomers zizinzile xa zivezwe kwii-asidi, izinyibilikisi, ii-hydrocarbons, kunye nemidiya erhabaxa. Ixabiso layo lidlula ubomi obude benkonzo: linceda ukulawula ukukhutshwa komoya ophumayo, likhusela ukuthembeka kwezixhobo, kwaye linciphisa umngcipheko wokuvalwa okungacwangciswanga okanye iziganeko zokhuseleko. Ingxoxo engezantsi ichaza indlela ezi tywina ezithintela ngayo ukuvuza, zeziphi izinto ezenza zisebenze kwiindawo ezinzima, kunye nesizathu sokuba zibalulekile ekuthobeleni nasekusebenzeni kakuhle.

Kutheni Kubalulekile Ukuba Izitywina Zoomatshini Ezingamelani Nokugqwala

Kwiindawo ezinobungozi zokucubungula iikhemikhali kunye neehydrocarbon, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yezixhobo ezijikelezayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkqubo zayo zokuvala.isitywino soomatshiniYenzelwe ukumelana nemiphumo ewohlokayo yolwelo olunzima lwenkqubo, isebenza njengomqobo oyintloko ngokuchasene nokukhutshwa kolwelo olubalekayo kunye nokulahleka kolwelo oluyingozi. Ngokungafaniyo nezitywini eziqhelekileyo, ezinokonakala ngokukhawuleza xa zichatshazelwa yi-asidi, iziseko, okanye i-slurry erhabaxa, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezimelana nokugqwala zigcina i-topography echanekileyo yobuso kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo phantsi kohlaselo olukhulu lweekhemikhali.

Igunya lemizi-mveliso lala matywina akhethekileyo liqhutywa yimithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo kunye neendleko eziphezulu zexesha lokungasebenzi elingacwangciswanga. Umzekelo, izakhiwo eziphantsi kwe-EPA Method 21 kufuneka zigcine imida yokukhupha umoya engaphantsi kwe-500 parts per million (ppm), i-metric engenakwenzeka ukuba iinxalenye zetywina ziyanyibilika okanye ziqhekeka. Ngokusebenzisa i-metallurgy ephucukileyo kunye ne-elastomers ezisebenza kakuhle, amatywina anganyangekiyo nokugqwala aqinisekisa ukuba izityalo ezicutshungulwayo ziyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokuthobela imithetho ngelixa zikhusela abasebenzi ekuchaphazelekeni ngamakhemikhali anobuthi okanye ayingozi.

Indlela izitywina ezinganyangekiyo ngumhlwa ezinciphisa ngayo ukuvuza

Umgaqo osisiseko wokusebenza kwesitywino soomatshini uxhomekeke ekugcineni ifilimu yolwelo oluncinci phakathi kobuso obubini besitywino obucociweyo kakhulu. Ukuthintela ukuvuza, obu buso kufuneka buhlale busicaba bube phakathi kweebhendi zokukhanya ze-helium ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 (malunga ne-0.000023 ukuya kwi-0.000035 intshi). Xa isitywino singahambelani neekhemikhali nolwelo lwenkqubo, ukugqwala okufanayo okanye okukwindawo ethile kutshintsha le mbonakalo ibalulekileyo. Ukugqwala kwe-pitting kudala imijelo encinci kuzo zonke ubuso besitywino, ngelixa ukugqwala kwe-cravice kuhlasela imingxunya ye-O-ring, okuvumela ulwelo lwenkqubo ukuba ludlule izinto zesibini zokutywina eziguquguqukayo.

Izitywino zoomatshini ezimelana nokugqwala zinciphisa ezi ndlela zokungaphumeleli ngokusebenzisa izinto ezingashukumiyo ezingasabelani nesixhobo esimpompelweyo. Ngokugcina ukugqitywa okuchanekileyo kobuso bokuqala kunye nokugcina ukunyamezelana kobukhulu bezixhobo zesinyithi, ezi zitywino zigcina ubukhulu befilimu yolwelo olufanelekileyo. Oku kuthintela utshintsho ukusuka ekuthambiseni umda ukuya ekungqubaneni okomileyo, ngaloo ndlela kususa ukuphazamiseka kobushushu kunye nokudumba okuhlala kukhokelela ekuvuzeni okubi.

Zeziphi iindawo zokusebenza ezifuna ukumelana nokugqwala

Imfuneko yokumelana neekhemikhali okuphezulu ibandakanya amashishini amaninzi anzima, ingakumbi apho kukho amanqanaba aphezulu e-pH okanye amazinga aphezulu e-halide. Kwicandelo le-chlor-alkali, izixhobo zihlala zisingatha igesi ye-chlorine emanzi, i-sodium hypochlorite, kunye ne-sodium hydroxide exineneyo kumanqanaba e-pH angaphezulu kwe-13. Iintsimbi eziqinileyo ze-300-series stainless steels ziphulukana nokuqhekeka ngokukhawuleza kwe-chloride stress corrosion phantsi kwezi meko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ii-alloys ezingaqhelekanga.

Ngokufanayo,amaqonga eoyile negesi aphesheya kolwandlerhoqo zicubungula i-sour crude equlethe amanqanaba aphezulu e-hydrogen sulfide (H2S) kunye nesanti erhabaxa. Ii-pulp kunye nee-paper mills zixhomekeke kwizigaba zokumhlopheka kotywala obumnyama kunye ne-chlorine dioxide, iindawo ezidume ngokubangela ukubola okufana kakhulu. Kwezi zicelo, i-fluid chemistry isusa ngokuguquguqukayo iileya ze-oxide ezingasebenziyo zeentsimbi ezisemgangathweni, okwenza izitywina ezikhuselweyo kukubola zibe yimfuneko yokusebenza ngokupheleleyo ukugcina i-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) eyamkelekileyo kwimveliso eqhubekayo.

Yintoni Echaza Isitywina Soomatshini Esimelana Nokugqwala

Itywina loomatshini elimelana nokugqwala lichazwa kukuhambelana kweekhemikhali ezisebenzisanayo zamaqela alo amathathu aphambili: ubuso obujikelezayo nobumileyo, izinto zesakhiwo sesinyithi, kunye nezitywina zesibini ze-elastomeric. Itywina loomatshini liqinile kuphela njengecandelo lalo elisengozini; ubuso be-silicon carbide obumelana kakhulu abusebenzi ukuba i-O-ring exhasayo iyadumba okanye ipleyiti yentsimbi yentsimbi iyanyibilika.

Zeziphi izinto zobuso, zesinyithi, neze-elastomer ezichaphazela ukumelana nokugqwala

Ukukhethwa kwezinto kulawula ubomi bokusebenza kwesitywina kwimidiya enamandla. Kwimiba ephambili, i-Sintered Alpha Silicon Carbide (SiC) ngumgangatho weshishini wokuxhathisa iikhemikhali ezibanzi, okugcina uzinzo kuluhlu lwe-pH oluphakathi kwe-0 ukuya kwi-14. Kwizicelo ezibukhali kakhulu apho i-SiC inokuhlangabezana nokuhlaselwa kwemida yengqolowa, kusetyenziswa amabakala akhethekileyo okanye i-tungsten carbide (WC) ene-nickel binder—endaweni ye-corrosion-prone cobalt binder—.

Izinto zesinyithi, kuquka i-gland, i-sleeve, kunye nezipringi, zihlala zifuna ukuphuculwa ukusuka kwi-316SS eqhelekileyo. Ii-alloys ze-nickel eziphezulu ezifana neHastelloy C-276, i-titanium, okanye i-Alloy 20 zisetyenziselwa ukulwa nokuqhekeka kwe-corrosion kwiindawo ezityebileyo kwi-chloride okanye kwi-sulfuric acid. Kwisitywina sesibini, ii-elastomers kufuneka zixhathise ukudumba kunye nokuphuma kweekhemikhali. Ii-Perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) zibonelela ngokuhambelana kweekhemikhali okuphantse kube yinto yonke, ziphumelela kakhulu kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo ze-FKM okanye ze-EPDM kwizicelo eziqatha zesinyibilikisi.

Indlela ikhemistri, ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nesantya seshaft ezichaphazela ngayo ukusebenza

Ukumelana neekhemikhali akuyonto ingaqhelekanga; kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinguqu zokusebenza. I-Arrhenius equation iyalela ukuba izinga leempendulo zeekhemikhali—kuquka ukugqwala—liphindaphindeka kabini kwi-10°C (18°F) nganye yokunyuka kobushushu. Isinyithi okanye i-elastomer ebonisa ukumelana okuhle kwisisombululo se-sulfuric acid se-10% kubushushu obuqhelekileyo inokonakala ngokukhawuleza kwi-90°C. Ke ngoko, iiparameter zobushushu kufuneka zivavanywe ngokungqongqo kunye nekhemistri yolwelo.

Isantya soxinzelelo kunye nesantya se-shaft senza ukuba kube nzima ngakumbi ukugqwala ngokubangela uxinzelelo loomatshini kunye nokuveliswa kobushushu kwindawo ethile. Ukusetyenziswa koxinzelelo oluphezulu, okuhlala kudlula i-1,200 psig kwiimpompo ezinzima, kukhawulezisa ukugqwala kwe-crevice ngokunyanzela ulwelo olunamandla ukuba lungene nzulu kwiimfanta ezincinci. Isantya esiphezulu se-shaft sonyusa izinga lokucheba kwefilimu yolwelo, okunyusa ubushushu bobuso kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuhlaselwa kweekhemikhali ebusweni be-seal, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi-thermo-chemical degradation.

Indlela yokwahlula ukusilela kokugqwala ekugugeni nasekusebenzeni okomileyo

Uhlalutyo oluchanekileyo lokusilela lubalulekile ekuthinteleni ukuqhekeka okuphindaphindiweyo. Ukwahlula ukugqwala kokuguguleka koomatshini okanye ukubaleka okomileyo kufuna ukuphononongwa kwendlela ethile yokonakala. Ukugqwala kudla ngokubonakala njengokuqhekeka, ukuncitshiswa ngokubanzi kwezinto zesinyithi, okanye ukugqwala kweekhemikhali. Umzekelo, xa i-cobalt binder ebusweni be-tungsten carbide igqwala ngeekhemikhali, ubuso bubonakala bubuthuntu kwaye buvakala bunzima xa buchukunyiswa, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umphezulu onemingxuma ungakwazi ukugcina ifilimu yolwelo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukubaleka okomileyo kuvelisa umonakalo ocacileyo wobushushu, njengokujonga ubushushu (iingxangxasi ezincinci zeradial ebusweni besitywino) okanye ukudumba okukhulu ebusweni be-carbon graphite. Ukuguguleka okurhabaxa kubonakala njengokuguguleka okunzulu, okugxile kwiindawo zokudibana. Ukuba i-O-ring iyasilela ngenxa yokungahambelani kweekhemikhali, iya kubonisa ukudumba, ukuqhekeka, okanye ukukhupha, ngelixa ukuwohloka kobushushu kudla ngokushiya i-O-ring iqinile nge-cross-section enesikwere. Ukuchonga ezi mpawu zithile kuqinisekisa ukuba ukuphuculwa kwesitywino okulandelayo kujongana nemo yokusilela echanekileyo.

Indlela yokuthelekisa iinketho zeTywina zoMatshini ezimelana nokugqwala

Ukufumana isitywino esichanekileyo kufuna ukuvavanya zombini izinto zokwakha kunye nolwakhiwo loomatshini. Uyilo olubonakalayo lwesitywino luchaza indlela izinto zangaphakathi ezivezwa ngayo kulwelo lwenkqubo, oko kuthetha ukuba ukhetho locwangciso olucwangcisiweyo ngamanye amaxesha lunokunciphisa imfuneko yee-alloys ezibiza kakhulu.

Zeziphi iikhrayitheriya zokuthelekisa abathengi ekufuneka bazisebenzise

Abathengi kunye neenjineli zokuthembeka kufuneka bavavanye izitywino zoomatshini ezingamelani nokugqwala besebenzisa i-matrix yemigangatho yobugcisa kunye neyezorhwebo. I-metric ephambili yiLife Cycle Cost (LCC), elinganisa inkcitho yokuqala yenkunzi ngokuchasene ne-Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) eqikelelweyo. I-premium seal inokubiza ngokuphindwe kathathu kwangaphambili kodwa inokwandisa i-MTBF ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-6 ukuya kwiinyanga ezingaphezu kwama-36, nto leyo enciphisa kakhulu iindleko zexesha elide.

Ukuthobela imigangatho yoshishino, njenge-API 682 (kwimizi-mveliso yeoyile, igesi, kunye neekhemikhali), yenye imfuneko ebalulekileyo. Abathengi kufuneka bachaze udidi olufanelekileyo (1, 2, okanye 3) ngokusekwe kubungakanani bepompo kunye nobushushu, kwaye bakhethe ulungiselelo olufanelekileyo lwesitywina. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvavanya amandla omthengisi—njengokukwazi kwabo ukubonelela ngesatifikethi sokulandeleka kwezinto ze-EN 10204 3.1—kuqinisekisa ukuba ii-alloys ezichaziweyo ezichasene nokugqwala ziyahlangabezana neemfuno ezichanekileyo zesinyithi ezifunekayo kwisicelo.

Indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo i-single, double, cartridge, kunye ne-split seals

Ukukhetha phakathi kolwakhiwo olulodwa, oluphindwe kabini, lwekhatriji, kunye nolwahlulo kuyayitshintsha indlela itywina elisebenzisana ngayo nendawo egqwalisayo. Itywina elinye lixhomekeke kulwelo lwenkqubo olupompelweyo ukuze luthambise; ke ngoko, yonke into kufuneka ihambelane ngokupheleleyo neekhemikhali kunye nemidiya. Nangona itywina elinye lineendleko eziphantsi zokuqala, azinazo izithintelo zesibini ukuba ifilimu yolwelo lokuqala iyasilela.

Izitywino ezimbini (ezimbini)sebenzisa ulwelo oluthintelayo oluxinzelelweyo okanye olungaxinzelelwanga phakathi kweeseti ezimbini zobuso betywina. Ngokugcina ulwelo oluthintelayo luxinezelekile kakhulu kune-process media, ubuso betywina yangaphakathi buthambisa ulwelo oluthintelayo olucocekileyo, olungenabo ubovu endaweni yekhemikhali yenkqubo erhabaxa. Olu lwakhiwo luhlukanisa imithombo ethambileyo kunye ne-metallurgy yangaphakathi kwindawo etshabalalisayo, luthintela ngempumelelo ukuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali kwaye luqinisekise ukuba akukho kukhutshwa kuyingozi.

Iiseal zeCartridge ziiyunithi ezihlanganiswe kwangaphambili eziqulathe isitywino, i-gland, kunye ne-sleeve. Zisusa isidingo sokulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo ukufakwa, zinciphisa kakhulu iimpazamo zabantu ngexesha lokugcinwa—into ebalulekileyo xa kuphathwa iikhemikhali eziyingozi. Iiseal ezihlukanisiweyo zivumela ukufakwa ngaphandle kokuqhawula i-pump casing okanye i-motor, nto leyo eluncedo kakhulu kwizixhobo ezinkulu. Nangona kunjalo, iiseal ezihlukanisiweyo zihlala zinemida ephantsi yoxinzelelo (ehlala igqunywe malunga ne-150 psig) kwaye azifanelekanga kangako kwiincindi ezinobungozi ngenxa yemigca ehlukanisiweyo ekwizinto zazo ze-elastomeric.

Indlela yokukhetha nokukhusela isitywina esifanelekileyo

Kwaneseti yoomatshini ekwaziyo ukumelana nokugqwala ephucukileyo iya kusilela ngaphambi kwexesha ukuba isetyenziswe gwenxa okanye iphantsi kweemeko zokusebenza ezinobungozi ngaphaya kwemida yoyilo lwayo. Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kufuna ukuqokelelwa kwedatha okungqongqo ngexesha lesigaba sokuthengwa, kulandele ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kweendlela zokulawula okusingqongileyo ngexesha lokusebenza.

Zeziphi iikomiti zobunjineli bedatha yesicelo kunye nokuthengwa kweenkonzo ezifunekayo

Ukuze kuchazwe isitywino esifanelekileyo, amaqela obunjineli kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla kufuneka aqulunqe idatha epheleleyo yesicelo. Ulwakhiwo lolwelo kufuneka luchazwe ngokupheleleyo, kuquka izinto ezilandelelanayo kunye neemeko zexesha elifutshane, njengoko uxinano lwe-1% ye-hydrofluoric acid okanye ii-chloride lunokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukuhambelana kwezinto. Ubunzima obuthile, uxinzelelo lomphunga, kunye ne-viscosity kumaqondo obushushu okusebenza (anokugqitha rhoqo kwi-400°F / 204°C ekucutshungulweni kweekhemikhali) kufuneka kubhalwe phantsi.

Idatha yezixhobo zoomatshini ibaluleke ngokulinganayo. Amaqela kufuneka anike isantya somngxuma wepompo (RPM), ubungakanani bebhokisi yokuzalisa, kunye nokunyamezela imeko yezixhobo. Ukuze isitywino esisebenza kakuhle sisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, ukuqalisa komngxuma wepompo akufuneki kudlule i-0.002 intshi Ukufundwa kweSibonakaliso esipheleleyo (TIR), kwaye ukugqitywa komngxuma kufuneka kugcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.005 intshi. Ukungaphumeleli ukubonelela ngedatha echanekileyo yezixhobo kukhokelela kuyilo lomngxuma oluneengxaki zokungcangcazela okugqithisileyo, nto leyo ethintela iingenelo zezinto ezinganyangekiyo ngumhlwa.

Indlela uvavanyo, imigangatho, kunye nenkxaso yababoneleli echaphazela ngayo ukhetho

Inkxaso yababonelelikunye nokubambelela kwimigangatho yovavanyo oluqinileyo kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwesitywina esikhethiweyo. Abavelisi abadumileyo bafaka izitywina zabo kuvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic, ngesiqhelo ngokuphindwe kayi-1.5 uxinzelelo loyilo oluphezulu, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwezixhobo zesinyithi kunye nee-O-ring grooves phantsi koxinzelelo. Uvavanyo lokufaneleka ngokwezikhokelo ze-API 682 lulinganisa iimeko zokusebenza eziguqukayo, lubonelela ngobungqina obubonakalayo bamazinga okuvuza kwesitywina kunye nokuzinza kobushushu.

Ngaphezu koko, inkxaso yobunjineli bomthengisi ibalulekile ekusingatheni urhwebo oluntsonkothileyo lwezinto. Umthengisi onolwazi akayi kuthengisa nje i-alloy ebiza kakhulu kodwa uya kuhlalutya inkqubo ukuze abone ukuba utshintsho loyilo—njengokutshintsha ukusuka kwisitywina esinye ukuya kwisitywina esiphindwe kabini esinolwelo oluthile lomqobo—lunokubonelela ngokhuseleko olungcono kunye nobomi obude kunokuthembela kuphela kwisinyithi esingaqhelekanga.

Zeziphi iindlela zokufakela, ukucoca, kunye nokubeka esweni ezongeza ubomi besitywina

Ixesha lokusebenza kwesitywina esingamelani nokugqwala landiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa ii-API Piping Plans ezifanelekileyo ukulawula imeko-bume yesitywina. Kwisitywina esinye esiphatha ulwelo olugqwalisayo ngezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo, i-API Plan 32 ibonelela ngokucoca rhoqo ulwelo lwangaphandle olucocekileyo noluhambelanayo, olutyhala imithombo yomoya erhabaxa kude nobuso besitywina kunye nezipilingi.

Kwizitywino eziphindwe kabini eziphatha izinto ezinobuthi okanye ezirhabaxa kakhulu, i-API Plan 53A, 53B, okanye 53C isetyenziselwa ukubonelela ngolwelo oluthintelayo oluxinzelelweyo.

Indlela Yokuthethelela Utyalo-mali Kwitywina Loomatshini Elimelana Nokugqwala

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibaluleke kakhulu kunye nesizathu sokutywinwa koomatshini okumelana nokugqwala
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Yintoni eyenza ukuba isitywina soomatshini singamelani nokugqwala?

Isebenzisa izixhobo zobuso ezihambelana neekhemikhali, iindawo zesinyithi, kunye nee-elastomers. Uhlaziyo oluqhelekileyo luquka ubuso beSiC, iHastelloy okanye i-titanium hardware, kunye neFFKM okanye ii-elastomers ezifanelekileyo ezihambelana nolwelo olupompelweyo.

Ndingayidinga nini itywina yoomatshini enganyangekiyo nokugqwala?

Sebenzisa enye kwiiasidi, ii-caustics, ii-chloride, ulwelo olumuncu, izinyibilikisi, okanye i-slurry erhabaxa. Ibaluleke kakhulu kwiikhemikhali, ioyile negesi, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, i-pulp nephepha, iimpompo zolwandle, kunye nezokucoca amanzi.

Ukumelana nokugqwala kunciphisa njani ukuvuza kwetywina?

Ithintela ukuqhekeka kwemingxuma, ukuhlaselwa kwemingxuma, kunye nomonakalo we-elastomer ophazamisa ubuso besitywina. Oko kunceda ukugcina ifilimu encinci yolwelo, ukunciphisa ukwakheka kobushushu, kunye nokulawula ukuvuza kunye nokukhutshwa komoya.

Zeziphi izinto ezidla ngokukhethwa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiikhemikhali ezinzima?

I-SiC isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo zokutywina. Iindawo zesinyithi zinokufuna iHastelloy C-276, iAlloy 20, okanye i-titanium, ngelixa i-FFKM, i-FKM, okanye i-EPDM zikhethwa ngokusekelwe kubuchwephesha beekhemikhali kunye nobushushu.

Ngaba iVictor Seals ingabonelela ngezinto zokutshintsha ezinganyangekiyo ngumhlwa kwiimpompo ze-OEM?

Ewe. I-Victor Seals ibonelela ngezitywino zoomatshini ezihambelana ne-OEM nezitshintshayo kwiimpawu ezifana ne-IMO, i-Alfa Laval, i-Grundfos, i-APV, i-Flygt, i-Fristam, i-Lowara, kunye ne-Allweiler kwiimfuno zokugcinwa nokulungiswa.