Yeyiphi iTywina yoMshini yoBushushu obuphezulu ehlala ixesha elide?

Intshayelelo

Kwinkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu, ubomi besitywina soomatshini buxhomekeke kokungaphezulu komlinganiselo wezinto zaso okanye umda ophezulu wobushushu. Ukuqina kokwenyani kuvela kwindlela uyilo lwesitywina olusingatha ngayo ukugqwetheka kobushushu, ukuthambisa ubuso, utshintsho loxinzelelo, kunye neemeko zenkxaso ngokuhamba kwexesha. Eli nqaku lithelekisa iintlobo zesitywina ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ngaphezulu kwama-200°C, lichaza isizathu sokuba ezinye zisilele kwangethuba nangona zibonakala zifanelekile ephepheni, kwaye libonisa ukuba zeziphi iimpawu zoyilo ezichaphazela kakhulu ubomi bokusebenza. Ekugqibeleni, abafundi baya kuba nesiseko esicacileyo sokugweba ukuba zeziphi izitywina zoomatshini zobushushu obuphezulu ezihlala ixesha elide kwizicelo zepompo kunye neenkqubo ezifuna amandla.

Kutheni Ubomi Benkonzo Yesitywina Bubalulekile Kwizicelo Zobushushu Obuphezulu

Izitshixo zoomatshini ezisebenzayokwiindawo ezingaphaya kwama-200°C (392°F) kuvelisa imingeni enzima ye-thermodynamic kunye ne-metallurgical. Kwezi zicelo zobushushu obuphezulu, ukumisela ukuba loluphi uyilo lwe-seal olunika ubomi obude benkonzo kufuna ukuhlalutya zombini ukuqina kobushushu be-seal kunye ne-dynamics yenkqubo ejikelezileyo. I-seal ehlala ixesha elide ayisiyonto nje eqinileyo; sisixhobo esiphambili sokusebenza kwesityalo okuqhubekayo nokukhuselekileyo.

Impembelelo yokuvalwa, ukuvuza, kunye nokugcinwa

Iziphumo zemali kunye nokusebenza kokungasebenzi kakuhle kwetywina ngaphambi kwexesha kwiinkqubo zobushushu obuphezulu zinkulu kakhulu. Ukuqhuma kwetywina okukodwa okubi kakhulu kwiimpompo yolwelo olushushukunokubangela ukuvalwa kwezityalo ngoko nangoko, kunye neendleko zokungasebenzi kwiindawo zokucoca iikhemikhali ezihlala zidlula i-$50,000 ngeyure. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvuza kobushushu obuphezulu kubeka imingcipheko enzima yokhuseleko kunye nokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya ukutsha ngokuzenzekelayo kwee-volatious organic compounds (VOCs) kunye nokwaphulwa kwemithetho engqongqo yokukhupha ukungcola, edla ngokuyalela amazinga okuvuza angaphantsi kwama-500 parts per million (ppm). Ubomi benkonzo obude bunciphisa ngokuthe ngqo le mingcipheko engamkelekanga yezemali kunye nokusingqongileyo.

Izicelo apho ubomi besitywina buqhuba khona ukhetho

Imfuneko yokuba ixesha elide lokutywina lihlale ixesha elide ibonakala kakhulu kumashishini aqhubeka nenkqubo. Iimpompo zamanzi ezisebenzisa ibhoyila, ezisebenza kumaqondo obushushu afikelela kwi-250°C (482°F) kunye noxinzelelo oludlula i-150 bar, zifuna izitywino ezinokumelana notshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwesigaba kunye nokutshaza kolwelo. Ngokufanayo, iimpompo zolwelo lokudlulisa ubushushu (HTF) ezijikeleza iioyile zokwenziwa kwi-350°C ukuya kwi-400°C (662°F ukuya kwi-752°F) zifunaiindlela ezizodwa zokutywinaezimelana nokuwohloka okukhulu kobushushu. Kwii-vacuum distillation bottoms nakwii-coking units ezicothayo, apho ii-hydrocarbons ezinzima zibhaka zibe zizinto eziqinileyo ezirhabaxa, amandla esitywini soomatshini okusinda kubushushu obukhulu ngaphandle kokuvaleka aba ngumqhubi oyintloko wokukhethwa kwezixhobo.

Yintoni emisela ubomi beSeal yoomatshini kubushushu obuphezulu

Ukuphila ixesha elide kwesitywina soomatshini phantsi kobushushu obugqithisileyo kulawulwa kukukwazi kwaso ukugcina ifilimu yolwelo oluzinzileyo, ukumelana nokugqwetheka okukhulu kobushushu, kunye nokwamkela ukwanda kobushushu okwahlukileyo kwezixhobo zaso zangaphakathi. Xa amaqondo obushushu enyuka, i-viscosity yolwelo iyehla, ityhala ubuso besitywina kufutshane nokuthambisa komda kunye nokukhawulezisa ukuguguleka.

Izinto zoyilo lwesitywina

Uyilo loyilo lwesitywina lolona luphambili olubangela ukuqina kobushushu obuphezulu. Izitywina zokutyhala, ezixhomekeke kwiindandatho ze-O eziguqukayo ukuze ziqhubele phambili ubuso besitywina njengoko buguga, zisengozini enkulu "yokuxhoma" xa ii-elastomers ziwohloka okanye xa ii-cokes zolwelo zisebenza kwi-shaft. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izitywina zentsimbi eziwelsiweyo ezisikiweyo zithathwa njengomgangatho weshishini kumaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwama-260°C (500°F). Ngokususa i-dynamic secondary elastomer, izitywina ze-bellows zigcina umthwalo wobuso ohambelanayo kwaye zivumela ukwandiswa kwe-shaft ngaphandle komngcipheko we-O-ring carbonization.

Izinto zobuso, izitywino zesibini, kunye nezixhobo zesinyithi

Ukukhetha izinto kubalulekileukuze kuhlale ubushushu. Kwizivalo ze-seal, i-sintered silicon carbide (SiC) inika ukuhanjiswa kobushushu okugqwesileyo kwaye inokumelana nobushushu obuphezulu ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1,400°C, nangona ichaphazeleka kubushushu. I-tungsten carbide edibene ne-carbon graphite ekhethekileyo enganyangekiyo yi-blister idla ngokuthandwa kwizicelo zepetroleum ezinobushushu obuphezulu. Kwizivalo zesibini, i-perfluoroelastomers (FFKM) ifikelela kumda wayo wobushushu obupheleleyo kufutshane ne-327°C (620°F). Ngaphaya kwalo mda, ii-wedges ze-graphite eziguquguqukayo okanye i-Grafoil packing—ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu obufikelela kwi-450°C (842°F) kwiindawo ezikhupha i-oxidizing kunye nobushushu obungaphezulu kwe-1,000°C kwiindawo ezingasebenzi kakuhle—kufuneka zisetyenziswe. I-metallurgy ye-bellows idla ngokufuna ii-alloys ze-nickel eziphezulu ezifana ne-Alloy 718 okanye i-Hastelloy C-276 ukuthintela ukuqhekeka kobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokugcina amazinga entwasahlobo achanekileyo.

Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokungaphumeleli phantsi kobushushu

Ubushushu bubangela iindlela ezithile zokungaphumeleli ezinciphisa ubomi be-seal. Ukuphazamiseka kobushushu, okufana nokujika kwe-coning okanye i-camming, kutshintsha umsantsa omncinci phakathi kobuso be-seal, okukhokelela ekuvuzeni okukhulu okanye ukubaleka okomileyo. Ukucola kwenzeka xa ii-hydrocarbons ziwohloka kubuso be-seal eshushu, zenze iidiphozithi zekhabhoni ezirhabaxa ezitshabalalisa ukuthamba kobuso. Ukongeza, ukukhutshwa kwe-elastomer kunye nokujonga ubushushu (ukuqhekeka okuncinci kobuso obunzima ngenxa yokujikeleza ngokukhawuleza kobushushu) kubangela ngaphezu kwama-40% okusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha kwiinkqubo ezisebenza ngokuqhubekayo ngaphezulu kwama-200°C.

Indlela yokuthelekisa izitywina zoomatshini ezishushu kakhulu

Ukuthelekisa izitywina zobushushu obuphezulu kufuna indlela yokuhlalutya, ukuvavanya imida yokusebenza eguquguqukayo kunye nefuthe lezoqoqosho lexesha elide kunokuxhomekeka kuphela kumazinga obushushu angaguqukiyo ashicilelwe kwiphepha leenkcukacha.

Iikhrayitheriya eziphambili zokusebenza

Iinjineli kufuneka zihlole umda wesantya soxinzelelo (i-PV), ochaza amandla esitywini okusingatha ubushushu bokungqubana obuveliswa kwiindawo zokudibana. Izitywini zobushushu obuphezulu ezisebenza kakuhle kufuneka zixhase ngokukhululekileyo amaxabiso e-PV angaphezulu kwama-50,000 psi-ft/min (17.5 MPa-m/s) ngaphandle kokukhanyisa ifilimu yolwelo. Ukongeza, ukunyamezela ukuthamba kobuso kufuneka kugcinwe ngokungqongqo phantsi komthwalo wobushushu, ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna ukuqinisekiswa kokukhanya kweebhendi zokukhanya ze-helium ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 (malunga ne-0.58 ukuya kwi-0.87 microns) ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa komthwalo ofanayo kunye nokuthintela ukujonga ubushushu bendawo.

Itheyibhile yokuthelekisa uvavanyo lwesitywina

Le theyibhile ilandelayo ithelekisa iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zokutywina ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu, igxininisa ukuba kutheni uyilo oluthile luhlala ixesha elide kunezinye kubushushu obugqithisileyo.

Iindleko zomjikelo wobomi kunye ne-MTBF

Nangona isitywino sentsimbi esidityaniswe ngomphetho sinokuba nexabiso eliphezulu lokufumana okokuqala nge-150% ukuya kwi-200% xa kuthelekiswa nesitywino esiqhelekileyo sokutyhala, uqoqosho lomjikelo wobomi luthanda kakhulu uyilo olukhethekileyo lobushushu obuphezulu. Ixesha Eliphakathi Phakathi Kokusilela (MTBF) lilona nqanaba libalulekileyo lokuphila ixesha elide. Ukuphucula i-aimpompo yeoyile eshushuukuya kwisitywina esikhethekileyo se-bellows sinokwandisa i-MTBF ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-8 ezingamkelekanga ukuya kwiinyanga ezingaphezu kwama-48. Xa kulungiswa umsebenzi, iindawo zokutshintshwa, kunye nexesha lokungasebenzi, iindleko zizonke zobunini (TCO) kwixesha leminyaka emihlanu zihlala zincitshiswa ngama-40% nangaphezulu.

Indlela Yokuvavanya Nokukhetha Isitywina Esifanelekileyo

Ukuqinisekisa isitywino soomatshini xa kukho ubushushu obuphezulu kufuna iindlela ezingqongqo zokuvavanya kunye nendlela engagungqiyo yokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye namaxwebhu ngaphambi kokuba isitywino sifikelele kumgangatho wesityalo.

Amanyathelo okukhetha ukuze uphephe ukungaphumeleli kwangethuba

Ukukhetha isitywino esifanelekileyo kubandakanya ukunamathela ngokungqongqo kwimigangatho yoshishino, ngakumbi i-API 682 kumacandelo eoyile, igesi, kunye neekhemikhali. Inyathelo elibalulekileyo ekuphepheni ukusilela kwangethuba kukukhetha isicwangciso sombhobho esifanelekileyo. Rhoqo, isitywino asinakuphila ngokuthe ngqo kubushushu obugqithisileyo benkqubo. Ukusebenzisa iSicwangciso se-API 23, esiphinda sijikeleze ulwelo ngesixhobo sokupholisa isitywino, okanye inkqubo yolwelo lokuthintela i-API Plan 53B, kunokunciphisa ubushushu begumbi lesitywino ukusuka kwi-350°C ukuya kwi-150°C elawulekayo. Ukuvavanya iimfuno zokusasazwa kobushushu besicwangciso sokucoca kubaluleke kakhulu njengokukhetha isitywino esibonakalayo.

Umgangatho wokuvelisa kunye nokulandeleka kwezinto

Ukunyamezelana kokwenziwa kwezitywini zobushushu obuphezulu akushiyi ndawo yempazamo. Ukunyaniseka kwe-weld kwi-metal bellows kubaluleke kakhulu; abavelisi kufuneka basebenzise i-micro-plasma welding echanekileyo kwaye benze uvavanyo lokuvuza kwe-helium mass spectrometry ukuya kumda we-1 × 10^-8 atm cc/sec ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-bellows ayizukuqhekeka phantsi komjikelo oshushu kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukulandeleka kwezinto kuyimfuneko, njengoko ukwakheka kweekhemikhali ngqo kwe-bellows alloy kulawula ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bayo bokudinwa obuphezulu kunye nokugcinwa kwayo entwasahlobo.

Iimfuno zokuthobela imithetho kunye noxwebhu

Amaxwebhu okuthobela imithetho anika ubungqina bomgangatho ofunekayo kwiziseko ezibalulekileyo. Iinjineli kufuneka zifune iingxelo zovavanyo lwezinto ze-EN 10204 Type 3.1 (MTRs) kuzo zonke izinto zesinyithi ezigcina uxinzelelo kunye nezitshintshatshintshayo. Kwizicelo apho amaqondo obushushu aphezulu adityaniswe negesi emuncu okanye izinto ezibolayo, ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwe-NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 kuyafuneka ukuthintela ukuqhekeka koxinzelelo lwe-sulfide kwiindawo zesinyithi kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

Indlela Yokukhetha Kwiimeko Zokusebenza Ezahlukeneyo

Ekugqibeleni, isitywino soomatshini esihlala ixesha elide seso sihambelana ngokuchanekileyo neempawu ezithile ze-thermodynamic zolwelo lwenkqubo kunye neendlela zokusebenza ezigqithisileyo zezixhobo zokupompa.

Isikhokelo sokukhetha ngokwemiqolo yolwelo kunye nobushushu

Iimpawu zolwelo zilawula icebo lokuvala ubushushu. Amanzi ashushu kakhulu (i-boiler feed) anamafutha amancinci kakhulu kwaye avutha ngokukhawuleza xa uxinzelelo luhla, nto leyo efuna izicwangciso ezikhethekileyo zokupholisa ubushushu obuphezulu. Kwelinye icala, iioyile zobushushu zibonelela ngomafutha angcono kodwa zinobunzima bokucola nokuqina xa zibekwe emoyeni.

Isakhelo sesigqibo sokhetho lokugqibela

Isakhelo sokugqibela sesigqibo kufuneka sidibanise ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuhambelana kweekhemikhali. Iinjineli kufuneka zibale ii-coefficients zokwandisa ubushushu ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-pump casing, i-shaft, kunye ne-seal gland. Ukuba ezi zinto zanda ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo ngexesha lokuqalisa, isithuba esikhulu sokukhupha esidlula i-0.15 mm sinokwenziwa, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuqhumeni kwe-seal kwangoko nokuba inqanaba lobushushu bangaphakathi le-seal lingakanani na. Ngokubeka i-standard kwi-standalone metal bellows kunye ne-graphite secondary seals kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-260°C, kunye nokuzixhasa ngezicwangciso zokupholisa ze-API eziqinileyo, abaqhubi banokufikelela ngokuthembekileyo ubomi benkonzo yeminyaka emininzi kwizicelo zobushushu ezifuna kakhulu.

Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

• Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu sokuba yeyiphi iTywina yoMbane yoBushushu obuphezulu ehlala ixesha elide?
• Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
• Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ngowuphi umtywino womatshini oshushu kakhulu ohlala ixesha elide ngaphezu kwama-260°C?

I-seal yentsimbi edibeneyo engapheliyo idla ngokuhlala ixesha elide kuba ayivumeli ukuxhonywa kwe-dynamic elastomer kwaye iphatha ngcono ukukhula kwe-shaft kunye nobushushu.

Kutheni le nto izitywini ze-pusher zingasebenzi ngokukhawuleza xa kusenziwa inkonzo ye-hot pump?

Ii-O-rings zabo ezinamandla zinokuqina, zijike zibe yi-carbon, okanye zinamathele kwi-shaft, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ubuso bungabonakali kakuhle, ukuvuza, kunye nokuguguleka ngokukhawuleza xa kuqhubeka nobushushu obuphezulu.

Zeziphi izinto zobuso ezilungele ukuhlala ixesha elide xa kushushu kakhulu?

Iinketho eziqhelekileyo ezihlala ixesha elide yi-silicon carbide yokudlulisa ubushushu kunye ne-tungsten carbide ene-blister-resistant carbon kwiinkonzo ze-petroleum eshushu kunye ne-hydrocarbon.

Ngaba iVictor Seals ingabonelela ngezinto zokutshintsha ezihambelana ne-OEM ezisebenza kubushushu obuphezulu?

Ewe. I-Victor Seals ibonelela ngezitywino zoomatshini ezihambelana ne-OEM nezitshintshayo kwiimpawu ezifana ne-IMO, i-Alfa Laval, i-Grundfos, i-APV, i-Flygt, i-Fristam, i-Lowara, kunye ne-Allweiler.

Amaqela olondolozo angalwandisa njani ubomi bokutywina kwiimpompo ezinobushushu obuphezulu?

Qinisekisa ukusebenza kwesicwangciso sokufunxa amanzi, kuphephe ukubaleka okomileyo, lawula ukutshayiswa kobushushu, fanisa izinto nolwelo kunye nobushushu, kwaye utshintshe izitywini ngaphambi kokuba ukucola konakalise ubuso.