Isitywina seMechanical Shaft vs Isitywina sokuPakisha Isishwankathelo
Ukuphathwa kolwelo lwemizi-mveliso kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiimpompo ze-centrifugal, ii-agitators, kunye nee-rotary compressors. Indawo apho i-shaft ejikelezayo iphuma khona kwi-standalone casing ibonakalisa ubuthathaka obukhulu bokubanjwa kolwelo. Ukulawula lo mda, iinjineli zisebenzisa ikakhulu ubuchwepheshe obubini obahlukileyo:izitywino zomngxuma woomatshinikunye nezitywino zokupakisha ezixineneyo.
Isigqibo phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini zokutywina sichaza isiseko sokusebenza kwezixhobo. Nangona zombini zisebenza injongo enye esisiseko—ukuthintela ukuphuma kolwelo lwenkqubo ecaleni komngxuma—imigaqo yazo yokusebenza, iindleko zomjikelo wobomi, kunye nemilinganiselo yokusebenza ziyahluka kakhulu. Izitywina zokupakisha zimele iteknoloji endala esekwe ekuvuzeni okulawulwayo, ngelixaizitywino zoomatshinizibonelela ngesisombululo sanamhlanje, esinobungcali obuphezulu esenzelwe ukukhupha umbane ophantse ube yi-zero.
Ukukhetha indlela efanelekileyo yokutywina kufuna ukuqonda okunzulu ngeendlela zolwelo, imida yokulawula, kunye nokukwazi ukugcina izinto zisemgangathweni. Njengoko izakhiwo zoshishino zibeka phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nokuthobela ngokungqongqo indalo esingqongileyo, ukuxhomekeka kwendabuko kwizitywina zokupakisha kuye kwatshintsha, nangona kusabalulekile kwizicelo ezithile ezinzima.
Umahluko ophambili kwindlela yokutywina
Izitywino zoomatshini zisebenzisa ubuso obubini obuthe tyaba kakhulu (obunye bujikeleza nomngxuma, obunye bume kwi-housing) obucinezelwe yi-spring okanye i-bellows mechanism ukwenza umqobo wefilimu yolwelo oluncinci. Olu jongano oluyilwe kakhulu luthintela ukuphuma kolwelo ngelixa lunciphisa ukungqubana. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, izitywino zokupakisha zixhomekeke kwizinto ezilukiweyo ezine-fibrous ezicinezelweyo ezijikeleze umngxuma ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yokuzalisa. Umlandeli we-gland unyanzela ngokwasemzimbeni ukupakisha kumngxuma, evala indlela yolwelo ngoxinzelelo lwe-brute radial endaweni yokuxhomekeka kubuso obuthe tyaba obucwangcisiweyo.
Impembelelo yokuvuza, ukugcinwa, kunye nexesha lokuphumla
Ukupakisha ngokwemvelo kufuna ukuvuza okuqhubekayo nokulawulwayo—ngokuqhelekileyo kulinganiswa ukuya kumathontsi ali-10 ukuya kuma-60 ngomzuzu—ukuthambisa iiringi ezilukiweyo nokususa ubushushu obubangelwa kukungqubana. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zokupakisha ziyaphela ngokuhamba kwexesha, kufuneka kuqiniswe ngesandla rhoqo umlandeli wegland ngokwenza njalo.abasebenzi bolondolozoNangona kunjalo, izitywino zoomatshini zisebenza ngokuvuza okungabonakaliyo (kudla ngokulinganiswa ngamacandelo ngesigidi okanye ngeemililitha ngeyure) kwaye azifuni hlengahlengiso oluqhelekileyo. Oku kungabikho kokungenelela okufunekayo kwandisa kakhulu ixesha eliphakathi phakathi kokusilela (MTBF) kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo ngokubanzi (OEE).
Amandla, ukulahleka kwemveliso, kunye nezinto ezisingqongileyo
Ukungqubana koomatshini okubangelwa zizitywino zokupakisha kudla amandla amaninzi; izifundo zobunjineli zibonisa ukuba izitywino zoomatshini zinokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwibhokisi yokuzalisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-80% xa kuthelekiswa nokupakishwa okuqinileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvuza ngabom kokupakisha kubangela ukulahleka kwemveliso okuqhubekayo. Xa kuphathwa iikhompawundi ze-organic eziguquguqukayo (ii-VOC) okanye iikhemikhali eziyingozi, oku kuvuza kwazisa umngcipheko omkhulu wokuthobela indalo. Imibutho elawulayo, efana ne-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), inyanzelisa imigangatho engqongqo yokukhupha umbane eyalela ukusetyenziswa kwezitywino zoomatshini ekuthinteleni ulwelo oluyingozi.
Indlela ezisebenza ngayo izitywina zoomatshini kunye nezitywina zokupakisha
Ukuqonda iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza kwazo zombini ezi ntlobo zokutywina kubalulekile ekuchazeni itekhnoloji echanekileyo kwisicelo esithile seshishini. I-dynamics ye-sealing interface ayilawuli kuphela ukusebenza kakuhle kokuthintela kodwa ikwalawula neziseko ezincedisayo ezifunekayo, ezifana nemigca yokupholisa kunye neendawo zokugcina ulwelo oluthintelayo.
Zombini ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngaphakathi kwebhokisi yokuzalisa yepompo okanye kwigumbi lokutywina, kodwa zisebenzisa indawo ekhoyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokusisiseko. Unxibelelwano lwe-tribological phakathi kwezinto zokutywina kunye ne-shaft ejikelezayo lumisela ukuveliswa kobushushu, amazinga okuguguleka, kunye nexesha elide lokufakelwa.
Iinjineli kufuneka ziqwalasele amandla endalo asebenzayo. Ukupakisha kuxhomekeke ekucinezelweni okukhulu kunye nokuguqulwa kwezinto ezithambileyo, ngelixa izitywino zoomatshini zixhomekeke kwi-dynamics yolwelo oluncinci kunye nokulungelelaniswa okuchanekileyo kwe-metallurgical ukugcina ingqibelelo.
Indlela isitywino soomatshini esilawula ngayo ukuvuza
Indibano yesitywino soomatshini ineringi ejikelezayo encamathele kwishaft kunye neringi yokudibana engashukumiyo ebotshelelwe kwikhava yepompo. Ezi buso zenziwe ngendlela yokuba zithe tyaba ngendlela engaqhelekanga, zihlala zingaphakathi kweebhendi zokukhanya ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 (malunga ne-0.6 ukuya kwi-0.9 micrometers). Izipilingi, iintsimbi zesinyithi, kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydraulic zibonelela ngamandla okuvala. Ulwelo lwenkqubo ngokwalo, okanye ulwelo olungaphandle oluthintelayo, lungena kwisithuba esincinci phakathi kobuso ukuze lunikeze ukuthambisa nge-hydrodynamic. Oku kuthintela ukubaleka okomileyo kunye nomonakalo omkhulu wobuso, ngelixa ii-elastomers zesibini (ii-O-rings okanye ii-V-rings) zivala izithuba ezimileyo phakathi kwezinto zesitywino kunye nehardware yepompo.
Indlela uphawu lokupakisha oludala ngayo amandla okuvala
Ukupakisha ucinezelo kubandakanya ukusonga iiringi ezininzi zezinto ezilukiweyo—ezifana ne-PTFE, i-graphite eguquguqukayo, okanye iifayibha ze-aramid—zijikeleze i-shaft. Umlandeli we-mechanical gland uqinisiwe ukuze ucinezele ezi ringi ngokwe-axial. Ngenxa yokuba izinto zokupakisha zi-elastomeric kancinci, olu cinezelo lwe-axial lunyanzela iiringi ukuba zande ngokwe-radially, zicinezele ngaphandle ngokuchasene ne-stuffing box bore kwaye zingene ngaphakathi ngokuchasene ne-rotary shaft okanye i-shaft sleeve. Olu xinzelelo lwe-radial ludala indlela egobileyo ethintela ukuphuma kolwelo, nangona ibangela ukungqubana koomatshini kunye nokuwohloka kwi-shaft sleeve ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Izixhobo, iimeko ze-shaft, kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso
Izitywino zoomatshini zifuna iimeko ezingqongqo zeshaft; ukujikeleziswa kweradial kufuneka kugcinwe ngaphantsi kwe-0.05 mm (0.002 intshi) ukuze kugcinwe ulungelelwano lobuso. Ubuso bazo benziwe ngezinto eziqinileyo ezifana ne-silicon carbide okanye i-tungsten carbide, ezidla ngokufuna izicwangciso zepayipi ezisemgangathweni ze-API 682 (umz., Isicwangciso 11, Isicwangciso 53A) ukuze zipholile. Izitywino zokupakisha zinyamezela kakhulu ukuphambuka kweshaft kunye nokungahambi kakuhle. Zisebenzisa izinto ezilukiweyo ezithambileyo kwaye ngokubanzi zifuna iinkqubo zokuxhasa ezilula, njengendandatho yelantern eqhagamshelwe kwi-flush yamanzi acocekileyo, ebonelela nge-lubrication kwaye igcina ii-particles ezirhabaxa kude ne-interface yokupakisha.
Indlela yokuthelekisa iiMpawu zoMatshini kunye neeMpawu zokupakisha
Uthelekiso oluqinileyo phakathi kwezitywino zoomatshini kunye nokupakisha kufuna ukuhlalutya imeko yokusebenza, imida yomthetho, kunye nemilinganiselo yezemali yesakhiwo esithile. Iinjineli kufuneka zihlole zombini iindleko zemali eziphambili kunye neendleko zokusebenza zexesha elide ukuze zenze isigqibo esinolwazi.
Ukuze kube lula ukuthelekisa oku, abaqhubi bemizi-mveliso badla ngokusebenzisa imodeli yeendleko zobunini (i-TCO). Le modeli ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, iindleko zokubuyisela ulwelo, umsebenzi wokulungisa, kunye nokuphindaphinda kokutshintshwa kwezinto kumjikelo wobomi oqhelekileyo weminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga lincinci kakhulu kunexabiso lokwenyani.
| I-Metric yokuthelekisa | Isitywino seShaft yoMechanical | Uxinzelelo Ukupakisha iTywina |
|---|---|---|
| Izinga lokuvuza | I-Near-zero (ilinganiswa nge-ppm okanye i-ml/hr) | Ukuvuza okulawulwayo (amathontsi ali-10-60/ngomzuzu) |
| Ixabiso lokuqala leNkunzi | Ixabiso eliphezulu ($500 – $5,000+) | Iphantsi ($20 – $200) |
| Ukutya umbane | Iphantsi (ukungqubana okuncinci) | Phezulu (ukungqubana okukhulu kwi-shaft) |
| Ubuninzi boLondolozo | Iphantsi (ukuphumelela ukuya ekusileleni, akukho zilungiso) | Ukulungiswa kwamadlala aphezulu (rhoqo) |
| Ukunxiba kweShaft | Akukho nto (inxiba ebusweni obunokutshintshwa) | Phezulu (ifaka umngxuma/isandla) |
| Ukunyamezela ukungalungelelani | Iphantsi kakhulu (ifuna imingxunya eqinileyo) | Phezulu (ifunxa ukungcangcazela/ukuphambuka) |
Iikhrayitheriya zokusebenza zokuthelekisa ecaleni
Xa kuvavanywa ezi zitywini ecaleni, izalathisi zokusebenza ezibalulekileyo ziquka imida ephezulu yoxinzelelo, ukunyamezela isantya somngxuma, kunye namazinga okuvuza amkelekileyo. Izitywini zoomatshini zinokuphatha uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo oludlula iibha ezingama-200 (2,900 psi) kunye nesantya somngxuma esingaphezulu kweemitha ezingama-25 ngomzuzwana. Izitywini zokupakisha zihlala zikhawulelwe kuxinzelelo oluphantsi (ngesiqhelo ukuya kuthi ga kwiibha ezingama-30) kunye nesantya somphezulu esicothayo, njengoko isantya esiphezulu sivelisa ubushushu obungenakulawuleka bokungqubana obuya konakalisa ngokukhawuleza imicu eboyiweyo kwaye bubeke amanqaku emngxuma.
Izinto eziqwalaselwayo malunga nolwelo, uxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nezinto eziqinileyo
Uhlobo lolwelo lwenkqubo luchaphazela kakhulu uthelekiso. Kwiziselo ezinobungozi, ezinokutsha, okanye ezibiza kakhulu, izitywino zoomatshini ziyimfuneko ukuthintela ukuvezwa okuyingozi kunye nokulahlekelwa yimali. Nangona kunjalo, kwizicelo ezibandakanya ukutyibilika okukhulu okanye ubuninzi beenxalenye eziphezulu (ezifana neengcongolo zemigodi okanye ukucubungula i-pulp kunye nephepha), ukupakisha ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba luncedo. Ukuntywila okuqhubekayo kulungiselelo lokupakisha kutyhala izinto eziqinileyo kude, ngelixa ubuso bezitywino zoomatshini bunokutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza ukuba amasuntswana arhabaxa angena kwifilimu yolwelo oluncinci, ngaphandle kokuba kuphunyezwe izicwangciso zolwelo oluqinileyo olukhethekileyo kunye nezicwangciso zolwelo oluntsonkothileyo.
Ixabiso lilonke lobunini kunye nezinto zokufakela
Izitywino zokupakisha zinexabiso eliphantsi lokuthenga kokuqala kunye nokufakelwa okulula okungadingi ukudilizwa kwekhava yepompo. Nangona kunjalo, i-TCO yazo idla ngokuba phezulu ngenxa yeendleko ezinxulumene nokuvuza kolwelo okuqhubekayo, ukuguguleka kwesingxobo seshaft, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, kunye nokungenelela rhoqo kokugcinwa. Izitywino zoomatshini zifuna utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala kunye nokufakelwa ngokuchanekileyo ziingcali ezinobuchule. Nangona kunjalo, zivelisa i-TCO ephantsi kakhulu kwizicelo zomsebenzi oqhubekayo ngokuphelisa ukugcinwa rhoqo, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamandla emoto, kunye nokuthintela ukulahleka kwemveliso exabisekileyo.
Indlela yokukhetha isitywina esifanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho
Ukukhetha iteknoloji yokutywina efanelekileyo sisigqibo esibalulekileyo sobunjineli esichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kwezityalo, ukhuseleko, kunye nenzuzo. Inkqubo yokukhetha kufuneka ibe yecwangcisiweyo, isuke kwimida enzima (njengeukuhambelana kweekhemikhalikunye nemigaqo yokukhupha ungcoliseko) kwiindlela ezikhethwayo ezahlukeneyo (ezifana nemida yohlahlo-lwabiwo mali kunye neeshedyuli zokugcinwa).
Imigangatho yoshishino, ingakumbi leyo imiselwe yi-American Petroleum Institute (API) kunye ne-International Organisation for Standardization (ISO), ibonelela ngeenkqubo eziqinileyo zokukhetha isitywina. Ukunamathela kwezi ndlela kuqinisekisa ukuba isitywina esikhethiweyo siya kusebenza ngokuthembekileyo ngaphakathi kwefestile yokusebenza echaziweyo.
Abaphathi bezityalo kufuneka balungelelanise icebo lokutywina nefilosofi yokugcinwa kwezakhiwo ngokubanzi, begqiba ukuba ingaba isityalo sifanelekile na kwizixhobo ezinobuchule obuphezulu okanye kwizisombululo eziqinileyo nezikumgangatho ophantsi.
Inkqubo yokukhetha inyathelo ngenyathelo
Iprotokholi yokukhetha iqala ngokuchonga ulwelo lwenkqubo: ukumisela uxinzelelo lwayo lomphunga, umxhuzulane othile, ubuthi, kunye nomxholo weenxalenye. Okulandelayo, iinjineli zidwelisa iimeko zokusebenza, kubandakanya amaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo naphezulu, uxinzelelo lokufunxa nokukhupha, kunye nesantya somngxuma. Ukuba ulwelo luyingozi, luqhuma, okanye lulawulwa ngokungqongqo, isitywina somatshini (esidla ngokuba yi-dual seal configuration enolwelo oluthintelayo) siyagunyaziswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Ukuba ulwelo alunabungozi, njengamanzi okupholisa okanye i-slurry engenabungozi, isigqibo sitshintshela kuvavanyo lwezoqoqosho oluthelekisa iindleko eziqhubekayo zokugcinwa kokupakisha ngokuchasene neendleko ezinkulu zesitywina somatshini.
Ukuhlolwa komgangatho womthengisi kunye nokuthengwa kwempahla
Ukufumana izinto ezithembekileyo zokutywina kufuna ukuhlolwa kwababoneleli malunga nokulandeleka kwesinyithi, ubuchule bokuchwetheza ngokuchanekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho eziqinileyo. Kwiitywina zoomatshini, abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba umenzi uyahambelana nemigangatho ye-ISO 9001 kwaye banokubonelela ngamaxwebhu ovavanyo apheleleyo, kubandakanya uvavanyo loxinzelelo lobuso olusebenzisa amanzi kunye nolwe-dynamic. Ukupakisha, ukuhambelana kwenkqubo yokuluka, ubunyulu bezinto ezisisiseko (umz., ukuphepha i-graphite ephantsi ebangela ukubola kwe-galvanic), kunye nomgangatho wezithambiso ezifunxayo ziindawo zokujonga ezibalulekileyo zokuthenga.
Izinto ezifunekayo ukuze ziphinde zilungelelaniswe, zibekwe emgangathweni, kwaye zibe nezakhono zomsebenzisi
Ukuphucula ukusuka ekupakisheni ukuya ekutywineni koomatshini yinto eqhelekileyo yokulungisa izinto xa kuhlaziywa izakhiwo. Le nkqubo idla ngokufuna ukucocwa kwebhokisi yokuzalisa okanye ukusebenzisa izinto ezenzelwe wena.izitywino zekhatrijiezibotshelelwa ngqo kwizixhobo ezikhoyo ngaphandle kokulinganisa okuntsonkothileyo. Abaphathi bezityalo kufuneka baqwalasele abasebenzi babo bokulungisa; ukupakisha kufuna ukulungiswa rhoqo, nangona kungengobuchule obuphantsi, ngelixa izitywino zoomatshini zifuna ukufakelwa okunobuchule obuphezulu, ngokuchanekileyo kodwa akufuneki ukulungiswa okuqhubekayo. Ukumisela uyilo oluthile lwesitywino sekhatriji kwiimpahla ezininzi zepompo kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zempahla kunye nokunciphisa iimpazamo zokufakela.
Izikhokelo zoKhetho lokugqibela
Isigqibo sokugqibela phakathi kwetywina lomatshini kunye netywina lokupakisha sixhomekeke ekuhambelaniseni izakhono zobuchwepheshe kunye nezinto eziza kuqala zokusebenza kwesi sikhungo. Akukho khetho lubalaseleyo kwihlabathi liphela; endaweni yoko, kukho ukhetho olufanelekileyo kwiseti nganye ethile yeeparameter zokusebenza kunye neempawu zolwelo.
Ngokudibanisa idatha yokusebenza, iimfuno zomthetho, kunye nohlalutyo lweendleko zomjikelo wobomi, iinjineli zezityalo zinokuseka izikhokelo ezicacileyo zokuthenga. Ezi matrix zilandelayo kunye nezinto eziqwalaselweyo zesicwangciso zisebenza njengesakhelo sokugqibela sokucacisa iinkqubo zokuvala kuzo zonke izicelo zoshishino.
| Iprofayili yesicelo | Uhlobo lweTywina olucetyiswayo | Izizathu eziphambili |
|---|---|---|
| Iihydrocarbons / iiVOC | Isitywino soomatshini (Esinye/Esiphindwe kabini) | Ukuthobela ngokungqongqo ukukhutshwa komoya, ukhuseleko |
| I-Boiler Yoxinzelelo Oluphezulu | Isitywino soMatshini | Ukunyamezela uxinzelelo/ubushushu obuphezulu |
| IiSlurries zeMigodi eziHlangayo | Itywina lokuPakisha (elinomoya ocociweyo) | Ukunyamezela okuphezulu kwezinto eziqinileyo kunye nokuphambuka kweshaft |
| Amanzi acocekileyo / i-HVAC | Isitywino soMatshini | I-MTBF ende, akukho kugcinwa, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kakuhle |
| Iziqhushumbisi ezinkulu zobubanzi | Ukupakisha iTywina | Ilungele ukugeleza okukhulu kweshaft kunye nokungcangcazela |
Eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuvuza okuphantsi okanye ixabiso eliphantsi
Xa ukuthintela ngokupheleleyo, ukuthobela ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nokulahlekelwa kancinci kwemveliso zezona njongo ziphambili, izitywino zoomatshini zezona zikhethwayo. Azinakuxoxiswana ngazo xa kuphathwa ii-hydrocarbons, iikhemikhali ezirhabaxa, kunye namayeza axabisa kakhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukuba imida ephambili yinkcitho yokuqala yemali, ukulula kokutshintshwa kwentsimi ngaphandle kokudilizwa kwezixhobo, kwaye ulwelo lwenkqubo alunabungozi ngokupheleleyo (umz., amanzi amdaka okanye amanzi aluhlaza), ukupakisha koxinzelelo lwanamhlanje kuhlala kusisombululo esisebenzayo nesingabizi kakhulu.
Indlela yokulinganisela ukuthembeka, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali
Ukufikelela kwibhalansi efanelekileyo kufuna ukuvavanya iindleko ezifihlakeleyo zexesha lokungasebenzi kunye nokusingqongileyo
Izinto ezibalulekileyo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe
- Izigqibo ezibalulekileyo kunye nesizathu seMechanical Shaft Seal vs Packing Seal: Yintoni umahluko?
- Iinkcukacha, ukuthobela imithetho, kunye nokuhlolwa komngcipheko okufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuba uzibophelele
- Amanyathelo alandelayo asebenzayo kunye nezilumkiso abafundi abanokuzisebenzisa ngoko nangoko
Imibuzo ebuzwa qho
Ndingayikhetha nini i-mechanical shaft seal endaweni yokupakisha?
Khetha isitywino soomatshini xa ufuna ukuvuza okungenazo zonke, ukulungiswa okuncinci, kunye nokusebenza ngcono, ngakumbi kwiikhemikhali, ioyile, amanzi kunye neenkonzo ezilawulwayo.
Kutheni ukupakisha uphawu luvuza ngoyilo?
Ukupakisha kufuna ukuvuza okuncinci, okulawulwayo ukuze kuthambise umngxuma kwaye kususwe ubushushu. Ngaphandle kokuvuza, ukupakisha kunokutshisa kakhulu, kuguge ngokukhawuleza, kwaye konakalise umngxuma womngxuma.
Ngaba isitywino soomatshini sibiza kancinci kunokupakisha?
Ngokwesiqhelo ewe kwiimpompo ezisebenza rhoqo. Izitywino zoomatshini zinciphisa ukulahleka kwemveliso, ukusetyenziswa kombane, kunye nexesha lokulungisa, nto leyo edla ngokunciphisa iindleko zokusebenza zizonke nangona ixabiso lokuqala liphezulu.
Ngaba iVictor Seals inokubonelela ngezitywino ezitshintshayo kwiimpawu zepompo ze-OEM?
Ewe. I-Victor Seals inikezela ngezitywino zoomatshini ezihambelana ne-OEM nezitshintshayo kwiimpawu ezifana neGrundfos, Alfa Laval, IMO, Flygt, Lowara, APV, Fristam, kunye ne-Allweiler.
Ngawaphi amashishini azuza kakhulu kwiitywina zoomatshini?
Iikhemikhali, ukumbiwa kwemigodi, ioyile negesi, ipetroli, umbane, ipulp nephepha, ulwandle, kunye nezityalo zonyango lwamanzi ziyazuza kakhulu apho ulawulo lokuvuza, ixesha lokusebenza, kunye nokuthobela imithetho kubalulekile.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-06-2026