Abstract

1. Intshayelelo

2. Ukulungiselela uFakelo lwangaphambili

2.1 Izixhobo kunye noQinisekiso lweCandelo

• Ukujonga ukuNxibelelana kwetywina: Qinisekisa ukuba itywina lomatshini liyahambelana nolwelo oluphathwayo (umzekelo, ubushushu, uxinzelelo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali), imodeli yesixhobo, kunye nobungakanani beshaft. Jonga kwidatha yedatha yomenzi okanye incwadi yobugcisa ukuqinisekisa uyilo lwetywina (umzekelo, imathiriyeli ye-elastomer, imathiriyeli yobuso) ihambelana neemfuno zesicelo. Umzekelo, isitywina esilungiselelwe inkonzo yamanzi asinako ukumelana namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokudleka kweekhemikhali zolwelo olusekwe kwipetroleum.
• Ukuhlolwa kwecandelo: Hlola onke amacandelo okutywinwa (ubuso obumileyo, ubuso obujikelezayo, imithombo, ii-elastomers, i-O-rings, i-gaskets, kunye ne-hardware) ukujonga iimpawu zomonakalo, ukuguga, okanye iziphene. Jonga iintanda, iitshiphusi, okanye imikrwelo ebusweni betywina-nokuba neziphene ezincinci zinokubangela ukuvuza. Hlola ii-elastomers (umzekelo, i-nitrile, i-Viton, i-EPDM) ukuqina, ukuguquguquka, kunye neempawu zokuguga (umzekelo, ukuqaqanjelwa, ukudumba), njengoko ii-elastomer ezonakeleyo zingenako ukwenza isitywina esisebenzayo. Qinisekisa ukuba imithombo ayinamhlwa, ideformation, okanye ukudinwa, njengoko igcina uxinzelelo oluyimfuneko phakathi kobuso betywina.
• Ishafti kunye noHlolo lweZindlu: Hlola ishafti yesixhobo (okanye umkhono) kunye nendlu ukubona umonakalo onokuchaphazela ukulungelelaniswa kwetywina okanye indawo yokuhlala. Qwalasela i-shaft ukubona ukuchaneka, ukutyeba, okanye iziphene zomgangatho (umzekelo, imikrwelo, iigrooves) kwindawo apho icandelo elijikelezayo letywina liza kufakwa khona. Umphezulu we-shaft kufuneka ube nokugqiba kakuhle (ngokuqhelekileyo i-Ra 0.2-0.8 μm) ukukhusela umonakalo we-elastomer kunye nokuqinisekisa ukutywinwa okufanelekileyo. Hlola ibhodlo yendlu ukuba igugile, ayilungiswanga kakuhle, okanye inkunkuma, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba isitulo esimileyo sokutywina (ukuba sidityanisiwe kwindlu) sicaba kwaye asinamonakali.
• Ukuqinisekiswa koMda: Sebenzisa izixhobo zokulinganisa ezichanekileyo (umzekelo, iikhalitha, ii-micrometers, izikhombisi zokucofa) ukuqinisekisa imilinganiselo engundoqo. Yenza umlinganiselo wedayamitha yeshafti ukuqinisekisa ukuba iyahambelana nedayamitha yangaphakathi yetywina, kwaye ujonge idiyamitha yendlu yentsimbi ngokuchasene nedayamitha yangaphandle yetywina. Qinisekisa umgama phakathi kwegxalaba le-shaft kunye nobuso bendlu ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitywina siya kufakwa kubunzulu obuchanekileyo.

2.2 Ukulungiswa kwesixhobo

• Izixhobo zokulinganisa ukuchaneka: I-Calipers (idijithali okanye i-vernier), i-micrometers, izikhombisi zokudayela (ukukhangela ukulungelelaniswa), kunye nokulinganisa ubunzulu bokuqinisekisa imilinganiselo kunye nokulungelelaniswa.
• Izixhobo zeTorque: I-torque wrenches (i-manual okanye yedijithali) ilinganiswe kwiinkcukacha zomenzi ukuze kufakwe i-torque echanekileyo kwiibholithi kunye ne-fasteners. Ukugqithiswa kwe-torqueing kunokonakalisa i-elastomers okanye i-deform ye-seal components, ngelixa i-torqueing engaphantsi kwe-torqueing inokukhokelela kuqhagamshelo kunye nokuvuza.
• Izixhobo zoFakelo: Imikhono yokutywina yofakelo (ukukhusela i-elastomers kunye nokutywina ubuso ngexesha lokufakwa), ii-shaft liners (ukuthintela imikrwelo kwi-shaft), kunye neehamile ezinobuso obuthambileyo (umzekelo, irabha okanye ubhedu) ukucofa amacandelo endaweni ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo.
• Izixhobo zokucoca: Amalaphu angenayo i-Lint, iibhrashi ezingaxutywanga, kunye nezinyibilikisi ezihambelanayo zokucoca (umzekelo, i-isopropyl alcohol, i-mineral spirits) ukucoca amacandelo kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza. Kuphephe ukusebenzisa izinyibilikisi ezirhabaxa ezinokuthoba ielastomers.
• Izixhobo zoKhuseleko: Iiglasi zokhuseleko, iiglavu (ziyakwazi ukumelana neekhemikhali xa ziphethe ulwelo oluyingozi), ukhuselo lwendlebe (ukuba lusebenza ngesixhobo esingxolayo), kunye nesikhuselo sobuso (kwizicelo zoxinzelelo oluphezulu).

2.3 ULungiselelo lweNdawo yoMsebenzi

• Coca iindawo eziNgqongileyo: Susa inkunkuma, uthuli, kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwindawo yokusebenza. Gquma izixhobo ezikufutshane ukuthintela umonakalo okanye ukosuleleka.
• Misa i-Workbench: Sebenzisa i-workbench ecocekileyo, ethe tyaba ukuze uhlanganise amacandelo okutywinwa. Beka ilaphu elingena-lint okanye i-rubber mat kwi-workbench ukukhusela ubuso bokutywina kwimikrwelo.
• Ileyibhile Amacandelo: Ukuba itywina liqhawukile (umzekelo, ukuze lihlolwe), bhala icandelo ngalinye ukuqinisekisa ukudityaniswa okufanelekileyo kwakhona. Sebenzisa izikhongozeli ezincinci okanye iibhegi ukugcina iindawo ezincinci (umz., iispring, ii-O-rings) kwaye uthintele ilahleko.
• Amaxwebhu oPhononongo: Yiba nencwadana yofakelo yomenzi, imizobo yezixhobo, kunye namaphepha edatha yokhuseleko (SDS) afumaneka lula. Ziqhelanise namanyathelo athile emodeli yokutywina efakwe, njengoko iinkqubo zinokwahluka phakathi kwabavelisi.

3. Ufakelo lweNyathelo ngeNyathelo lweZitywina zoomatshini

3.1 Inkqubo yoFakelo Jikelele (amatywina angeyonxalenye yeCartridge)

3.1.1 Ishafu kunye noLungiselelo lweZindlu

1. Coca i-Shaft kunye neZindlu: Sebenzisa ilaphu elingena-lint kunye ne-solvent ehambelanayo ukucoca i-shaft (okanye umkhono) kunye nendlu. Susa nayiphi na intsalela yetywina elidala, umhlwa, okanye inkunkuma. Ukufumana intsalela enenkani, sebenzisa i-brush-non-abrasive-kugweme ukusebenzisa i-sandpaper okanye iibrashi zocingo, njengoko ziyakwazi ukukrazula indawo ye-shaft.
2. Hlola ukonakala: Phinda ujonge i-shaft kunye nezindlu kuzo naziphi na iziphene eziphosiweyo ngexesha lofakelo lwangaphambili. Ukuba i-shaft inemikrwelo emincinci, sebenzisa i-sandpaper ye-fine-grit (400-600 grit) ukupholisa umphezulu, usebenze kwicala lokujikeleza kwe-shaft. Ukufumana imikrwelo enzulu okanye i-eccentricity, buyisela i-shaft okanye ufake umkhono we-shaft.
3. Faka i-Lubricant (Ukuba Kuyafuneka): Faka umaleko obhityileyo we-lubricant ehambelanayo (umzekelo, i-oyile yeminerali, igrisi ye-silicone) kumphezulu we-shaft kunye nombhobho ongaphakathi wecandelo lokutywina elijikelezayo. Oku kunciphisa ukungqubana ngexesha lofakelo kwaye kuthintele umonakalo kwi-elastomers. Qinisekisa ukuba i-lubricant iyahambelana nolwelo oluphathwayo-umzekelo, kunqanda ukusebenzisa izithambiso ezisekelwe kwi-oyile ezinolwelo olunyibilikayo emanzini.

3.1.2 Ukufakela iCandelo leSitywino esiSimileyo

1. Lungiselela iSitulo esimileyo: Hlola isitulo esimileyo ukuba akukho monakalo kusini na kwaye usicoce ngelaphu elingenantambo. Ukuba isihlalo sine-O-ring okanye i-gasket, sebenzisa umaleko omncinci we-lubricant kwi-O-ring ukuze unciphise ukufakela.
2. Faka iIsitulo esisisigxinakwiZindlu: Faka ngobunono isitulo esimileyo kumbhobho wendlu, uqinisekise ukuba silungelelaniswa ngokuchanekileyo. Sebenzisa ihamile enobuso obuthambileyo ukucofa isitulo endaweni yaso de sihlaliswe ngokupheleleyo egxalabeni lendlu. Musa ukusebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo, njengoko oku kunokuqhekeza ubuso obumileyo.
3. Khusela iSitulo Esimileyo (Ukuba Kuyafuneka): Ezinye izihlalo ezimileyo zibanjwa ngeringi, iibholiti okanye ipleyiti yedlala. Ukuba usebenzisa iibholithi, sebenzisa itorque echanekileyo (ngokweenkcazo zomenzi) kwipatheni yecrisscross ukuqinisekisa nokuba uxinzelelo. Musa ukugqithisa i-torque, njengoko oku kunokuphazamisa isihlalo okanye konakalise i-O-ring.

3.1.3 Ukufakela iCandelo leTywina eliJikelezayo

1. Hlanganisa iCandelo eliJikelezayo: Ukuba inxalenye ejikelezayo ayidityaniswanga kwangaphambili, ncamathisela ubuso obujikelezayo kumkhono we-shaft usebenzisa i-hardware enikeziweyo (umzekelo, izikrufu zokuseta, i-lock nuts). Qinisekisa ukuba ubuso obujikelezayo bulungelelaniswe mcaba kumkhono kwaye uqiniswe ngokukhuselekileyo. Faka imithombo (enye okanye emininzi-spring) kwi-sleeve, uqinisekise ukuba ibekwe ngokuchanekileyo (ngokwedayagram yomenzi) ukugcina uxinzelelo olulinganayo kubuso obujikelezayo.
2. Fakela iCandelo eliJikelezayo kwi-Shaft: Slayidela icandelo elijikelezayo kwi-shaft, uqinisekise ukuba ubuso obujikelezayo bungqamene nobuso obumileyo. Sebenzisa umkhono wokufaka isitywina ukukhusela i-elastomers (umzekelo, i-O-rings kwi-sleeve) kunye nobuso obujikelezayo kwimikrwelo ngexesha lofakelo. Ukuba i-shaft ine-keyway, lungelelanisa isitshixo kwi-sleeve kunye nesitshixo se-shaft ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleza okufanelekileyo.
3. Khusela icandelo elijikelezayo: Emva kokuba icandelo elijikelezayo likwindawo echanekileyo (ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuchasene negxalaba le-shaft okanye umsesane wokugcina), yikhusele usebenzisa izikrufu ezimiselweyo okanye i-lock nut. Qinisa izikrufu kwipatheni yecrisscross, usebenzisa itorque echazwe ngumenzi. Gwema ukuqiniswa ngokugqithiseleyo, njengoko oku kunokuphazamisa umkhono okanye ukulimaza ubuso obujikelezayo.

3.1.4 Ukufakela i-Gland Plate kunye noHlolo lokuGqibela

1. Lungiselela i-Gland Plate: Hlola ipleyiti yedlala ukuze ubone umonakalo kwaye uyicoce kakuhle. Ukuba ipleyiti ye-gland ine-O-rings okanye i-gaskets, yitshintshe ngokutsha (ngokweengcebiso zomenzi) kwaye usebenzise umaleko omncinci we-lubricant ukuqinisekisa isitywina esifanelekileyo.
2. Mount the Gland Plate: Beka ipleyiti yedlala phezu kwamalungu etywina, uqinisekise ukuba ihambelana neebholithi zezindlu. Faka iibholithi kwaye uziqinise ngesandla ukuze ubambe ipleyiti yedlala kwindawo.
3. Ukulungelelanisa i-Gland Plate: Sebenzisa isalathisi sokudayela ukujonga ukulungelelaniswa kwepleyiti yedlala kunye ne-shaft. Ukuphuma kwamanzi (i-eccentricity) kufuneka ibe ngaphantsi kwe-0.05 mm (0.002 intshi) kwi-plate plate bore. Lungisa iibholithi njengoko kufuneka ukulungisa ulungelelwaniso olungalunganga.
4. I-Torque the Gland Plate Bolts: Ukusebenzisa i-torque wrench, qinisa iibholithi zepleyiti yedlala kwipatheni yecrisscross kwitorque echaziweyo yomenzi. Oku kuqinisekisa nkqu noxinzelelo kubuso betywina kwaye kuthintele ukungahambi kakuhle. Phinda ujonge ukubaleka emva kokushukuma ukuze uqinisekise ulungelelwaniso.
5. Uhlolo lokuGqibela: Zijonge ngeliso elibukhali onke amacandelo ukuqinisekisa ukuba afakelwe ngokuchanekileyo. Khangela izithuba phakathi kwepleyiti yedlala kunye nendlu, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba icandelo elijikelezayo lihamba ngokukhululekileyo kunye ne-shaft (akukho kubophelela okanye ukukhuhla).

3.2 Ukufakwa kwezitywina zeCartridge

3.2.1 Itshekhi yoFakelo lwaPhambi kweIsitywina seCartridge

1. Hlola i-Cartridge Unit: Susa i-cartridge seal kwi-package yayo kwaye uhlolisise umonakalo ngexesha lokuthunyelwa. Jonga ubuso botywino lwemikrwelo okanye iitshiphusi, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba onke amacandelo (imithombo, i-O-rings) ayichanekanga kwaye ibekwe ngokufanelekileyo.
2. Qinisekisa ukuNxibelelana: Qinisekisa ukuba itywina lekhatriji liyahambelana nobukhulu beshaft yesixhobo, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nemilinganiselo yesicelo (iqondo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, uhlobo lolwelo) ngokuthelekisa inombolo yenxalenye yomenzi kunye neenkcukacha zesixhobo.
3. Coca iSitywina seCartridge: Sula isitywina sekhatriji ngelaphu elingena-lint ukususa naluphi na uthuli okanye inkunkuma. Musa ukukhupha i-cartridge unit ngaphandle kokuba ichazwe ngumenzi-i-disassembly inokuphazamisa ukulungelelaniswa kwangaphambili kobuso betywina.

3.2.2 Ishafu kunye noLungiselelo lweZindlu

1. Coca kwaye uhlole i-Shaft: Landela amanyathelo afanayo nakweCandelo 3.1.1 ukucoca i-shaft kunye nokuhlola umonakalo. Qinisekisa ukuba umphezulu weshafti ugudile kwaye awunamikrwelo okanye umhlwa.
2. Faka i-Shaft Sleeve (Ukuba Kuyafuneka): Ezinye izitywina zekhatriji zifuna umkhono we-shaft owahlukileyo. Ukuba kufanelekile, tyibilikisa umkhono kwishafti, uyilungelelanise nendlela yesitshixo (ukuba ikhona), kwaye uyikhusele ngezikrufu ezimiselweyo okanye ngendongomane yokutshixa. Qinisa i-hardware kwiinkcukacha zetorque zomenzi.
3. Coca iBore yezindlu: Coca umgqomo wendlu ukususa nayiphi na intsalela yetywina elidala okanye inkunkuma. Hlola ibhore ukuba ibhorekile okanye ayilunganga kakuhle—ukuba ibhore yonakele, lungisa okanye uyitshintshe indlu phambi kokuba uqhubeke.

3.2.3 Ukufakela iCartridge Seal

1. Beka iSitywina seCartridge: Lungelelanisa isitywina sekhatriji kunye nebhore yezindlu kunye neshaft. Qinisekisa ukuba iflange yekhatriji yokuxhoma ilungelelaniswe nemingxuma yebholithi yezindlu.
2. Slayida iSitywina seCartridge kwindawo: Slayida ngononophelo isitywina sekhatriji kwibhore yezindlu, uqinisekise ukuba icandelo elijikelezayo (elincanyathiselwe kwishaft) lihamba ngokukhululekileyo. Ukuba i-cartridge inesixhobo sokumisa (umzekelo, i-pin yesikhokelo okanye i-bushing), qinisekisa ukuba idibanisa nendlu ukugcina ukulungelelaniswa.
3. Khusela i-Cartridge Flange: Faka iibholiti zokukhwela kwi-cartridge flange nakwindlu. Qinisa iibholithi ngesandla ukuze ubambe ikhatriji kwindawo yayo.
4. Ukulungelelanisa iSitywina seCartridge: Sebenzisa isalathisi sokudayela ukujonga ukulungelelaniswa kwe-cartridge seal kunye ne-shaft. Ukulinganisa ukukhutshwa kwinqanaba elijikelezayo-ukukhutshwa kufuneka kube ngaphantsi kwe-0.05 mm (0.002 intshi). Lungisa iibholithi zokukhwela ukuba kuyimfuneko ukulungisa ulungelelwaniso.
5. I-Torque iiBolithi eziNyusayo: Qinisa iibholithi ezixhomayo kwipatheni yecrisscross kwitorque echaziweyo yomenzi. Oku kukhusela i-cartridge kwindawo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ubuso bokutywina bulungelelaniswe ngokufanelekileyo.
6. Susa izixhobo zoNcedo zokuFakelo: Izitywina ezininzi zeekhatriji ziquka izixhobo zokufakela okwexeshana (umz., izikhonkwane zokutshixa, izigqubuthelo ezikhuselayo) ukubamba ubuso betywina kwindawo ngexesha lokuthunyelwa nokufakwa. Susa ezi zincedisi kuphela emva kokuba i-cartridge ikhuselwe ngokupheleleyo kwizindlu-ukuzisusa ngokukhawuleza kunokungahambi kakuhle ubuso betywina.

3.3 UVavanyo lwasemva koFakelo kunye noQinisekiso

3.3.1 Uvavanyo lweStatic leak

1. Uxinzelelo lweSixhobo: Gcwalisa izixhobo ngenkqubo yamanzi (okanye i-fluid test fluid, efana namanzi) kwaye uyicinezele kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza. Ukuba usebenzisa ulwelo lovavanyo, qinisekisa ukuba luyahambelana nemathiriyeli yokutywina.
2. Jonga iindawo ezivuzayo: Jonga ngokubonakalayo indawo yokutywina ukuba ayinakuvuza. Jonga ujongano phakathi kwepleyiti yedlala kunye nendlu, ishaft kunye necandelo elijikelezayo, kunye nobuso botywino. Sebenzisa isiqwenga sephepha elifunxayo ukujonga ukuvuza okuncinci okunokuthi kungabonakali ngeso lenyama.
3. Vavanya inqanaba lokuvuza: Izinga lokuvuza elamkelekileyo lixhomekeke kwisicelo kunye nemigangatho yoshishino. Kuninzi lwezicelo zamashishini, izinga lokuvuza elingaphantsi kwama-5 amathontsi ngomzuzu lamkelekile. Ukuba umlinganiselo wokuvuza udlula umda owamkelekileyo, vala isixhobo, ucinezele, kwaye uhlolisise isitywina sokulungelelaniswa, izinto ezonakeleyo, okanye ukufakela ngokungafanelekanga.

3.3.2 Uvavanyo lokuvuza okuguquguqukayo

1. Qala izixhobo: Qala izixhobo kwaye uvumele ukuba ufikelele kwisantya esiqhelekileyo sokusebenza kunye nobushushu. Ukubeka iliso kwisixhobo kwingxolo engaqhelekanga okanye ukungcangcazela, nto leyo enokubonisa ukungalungelelani kakuhle okanye ukubotshwa kwesitywina.
2. Jonga iindawo ezivuzayo: Jonga ngokubonakalayo indawo etywiniweyo ukuba ayivuzi na ngelixa isixhobo sisebenza. Khangela ubuso betywina ngenxa yokushisa okugqithisileyo-ukushisa kungabonakalisa ukuthambisa okungonelanga okanye ukungahambi kakuhle kobuso betywina.
3. Qwalasela Uxinzelelo kunye noBushushu: Jonga uxinzelelo lwenkqubo kunye nobushushu ukuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala ngaphakathi kwemida yokusebenza kwesitywina. Ukuba uxinzelelo okanye ubushushu budlula uluhlu oluchaziweyo, vala izixhobo kwaye ulungelelanise iiparitha zenkqubo ngaphambi kokuqhubeka novavanyo.
4. Qhuba iSixhobo seXesha loVavanyo: Sebenzisa izixhobo zexesha lovavanyo (ngokuqhelekileyo imizuzu engama-30 ukuya kwiiyure ezi-2) ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitywina siyazinza. Ngeli xesha, jonga rhoqo ukuvuza, ingxolo kunye nobushushu. Ukuba akukho kuvuza kufunyenwe kwaye izixhobo zisebenza kakuhle, ukufakwa kwesitywina kuphumelele.

3.3.3 Uhlengahlengiso lokugqibela (Ukuba luyimfuneko)

• Jonga iTorque: Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iibholiti (ipleyiti yendlala, icandelo elijikelezayo, isitulo esimileyo) ziqinisiwe kwiinkcukacha zomenzi. Iibholiti ezikhululekileyo zinokubangela ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokuvuza.
• Hlola ulungelelwaniso: Phinda ujonge ukulungelelaniswa kobuso betywina kunye nepleyiti yegland usebenzisa isalathisi sokucofa. Lungisa nakuphi na ukungahambi kakuhle ngokulungisa iibholithi.
• Khangela ubuso boMtywino: Ukuba ukuvuza kuyaqhubeka, vala isixhobo, ucinezele, kwaye ususe isitywina ukuze uhlole ubuso. Ukuba ubuso bonakaliswe (bukrwelwe, buhluthiwe), bubuyisele ngokutsha.
• Hlola ii-Elastomers: Khangela i-O-rings kunye ne-gaskets umonakalo okanye ukulungelelaniswa.